{"id":590,"date":"2006-03-04T09:30:00","date_gmt":"2006-03-04T01:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stic.newgen.org.hk\/?p=590"},"modified":"2021-11-12T14:27:00","modified_gmt":"2021-11-12T06:27:00","slug":"%e6%92%b0%e5%af%ab%e6%91%98%e8%a6%81","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/stic.newgen.org.hk\/en\/%e5%af%a6%e7%94%a8%e6%8c%87%e5%8d%97\/%e6%92%b0%e5%af%ab%e6%91%98%e8%a6%81\/","title":{"rendered":"Write an Abstract"},"content":{"rendered":"

The abstract is an important part of the paper. It must be concise and clear so that readers can understand the purpose, methods, research results and conclusions of the research\/invention in the shortest time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A sample abstract can refer to the following chart:<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Research topics<\/span><\/strong>
It is required to be concise and clear, and appropriate words should be used to reflect the scope and extent of the research. If you need to further clarify the content of the thesis, you can add a subtopic after the topic;<\/td><\/tr>
Objectives<\/span><\/strong>
A brief introduction to the research motivation and why the topic was chosen for research; 
hypothesis or research question; <\/td><\/tr>
A summary of the research methodology and process, with emphasis on key points\/major steps<\/span><\/strong>
Summarize the focus of the study and briefly describe how the study was conducted;
Exclude materials used in the process unless the material has a significant impact on the process or is the focus of the study; 
Exclude research done by researchers other than researchers, such as supervisors or predecessors;<\/td><\/tr>
Brief description of study data and results<\/span><\/strong>
Only include what is important leading to the conclusion, no graphs are required;<\/td><\/tr>
Conclusion \/ Application<\/span><\/strong>
It is required to be concise and clear, using appropriate words to describe the important results of the study and conclude.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
Referenced from Master the Abstract Writing Process from John Cole, Intel ISEF D & S Chair<\/strong>
(www.societyforscience.org<\/a>)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e00\uff08\u53ea\u4f9b\u53c3\u8003\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u6307\u5b9a\u7bc4\u672c\uff09<\/strong><\/th><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Effects of Marine Engine Exhaust Water on Algae 
Mary E. Jones
Hometown High School, Hometown, PA

<\/span>This project in its present form is the result of bioassay experimentation on the effects of two-cycle marine engine exhaust water on certain green algae.<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>The initial idea was to determine the toxicity of outboard engine lubricant. Some success with lubricants eventually led to the formulation of “synthetic” exhaust water which, in turn, led to the use of actual two-cycle engine exhaust water as the test substance.<\/span><\/strong> 
<\/span>Toxicity was determined by means of the standard bottle or “batch” bioassay technique. Scenedesmus quadricauda and Ankistrodesmus sp. were used as the test organisms.<\/strong><\/span> <\/span>Toxicity was measured in terms of a decrease in the maximum standing crop. The effective concentration – 50% (EC 50) for Scenedesmus quadricauda was found to be 3.75% exhaust water; for Ankistrodesmus sp. 3.1% exhaust water using the bottle technique.<\/span><\/strong> 
<\/span>Anomalies in growth curves raised the suspicion that evaporation was affecting the results; therefore, a flow-through system was improvised utilizing the characteristics of a device called a Biomonitor.<\/span><\/strong> <\/span>Use of the Biomonitor lessened the influence of evaporation, and the EC 50 was found to be 1.4% exhaust water using Ankistrodesmus sp. as the test organism. Mixed populations of various algae gave an EC 50 of 1.28% exhaust water.<\/span><\/strong> 
<\/span>The contributions of this project are twofold. First, the toxicity of two-cycle marine engine exhaust was found to be considerably greater than reported in the literature (1.4% vs. 4.2%). Secondly, the benefits of a flow-through bioassay technique utilizing the Biomonitor was demonstrated.<\/span><\/strong><\/td>		Purpose<\/span>

Methods<\/span>

Data\/ 
Observations<\/span>

Conclusions\/
Applications<\/span><\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
\u6458\u81eaMaster the Abstract Writing Process from John Cole, Intel ISEF D & S Chair<\/strong>
(www.societyforscience.org<\/a>)<\/strong><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e00\uff08\u53ea\u4f9b\u53c3\u8003\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u6307\u5b9a\u7bc4\u672c\uff09<\/strong><\/th><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
\u53ef\u6372\u66f2\u5149\u5408\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u8584\u819c\u71c3\u6599\u96fb\u6c60
<\/span>\u8fd1\u5e74\u5e02\u5834\u4e0a\u5c0d\u53ef\u6372\u66f2\u8584\u819c\u96fb\u6c60\u7684\u6e34\u6c42\u6709\u589e\u7121\u51cf\uff0c\u4ee5\u914d\u5408\u65e5\u65b0\u6708\u7570\u79d1\u6280\u7523\u54c1\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u3002\u6709\u898b\u53ca\u6b64\uff0c\u662f\u6b21\u7814\u7a76\u96c6\u4e2d\u958b\u767c\u7814\u88fd\u5149\u5408\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u8584\u819c\u71c3\u6599\u96fb\u6c60\u3002<\/span>\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3\u7684\u8584\u819c\u96fb\u6c60\u4ee5\u5c0e\u96fb\u73bb\u7483\u7232\u96fb\u6c60\u7684\u6700\u5916\u5c64\uff0c\u4f5c\u978f\u56fa\u7d50\u69cb\u4e4b\u7528\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u5c0e\u96fb\u5851\u6599\u805a\u5421\u54af\u4ee5\u96fb \u5c0e\u5316\u5b78\u65b9\u5f0f\u5857\u5728\u5c0e\u96fb\u73bb\u7483\u4e0a\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u5176\u4e09\u7dad\u7db2\u72c0\u591a\u5b54\u6027\u7d50\u69cb\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u8868\u9762\u9762\u7a4d\uff0c\u4f7f\u751f\u7269\u50ac\u5316\u5291\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u4e8e\u805a\u5408\u7269\u7e96\u7dad\u4e0a\u7d50\u805a\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11\u96fb\u963b\u3002<\/span>\u8a72\u5149\u5408\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u8584\u819c\u96fb\u6c60\u986f\u793a\u8f03\u5927\u7684\u9ad8\u96fb\u529b\u5bc6\u5ea6(619 mW\/m^2) \u53ca\u77ed\u8def\u96fb\u6d41\u5bc6\u5ea6(1733 mA\/m^2)\u3002<\/span>\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u66f4\u4f38\u5ef6\u81f3\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ee3\u53ef\u6372\u66f2\u5149\u5408\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u8584\u819c\u71c3\u6599\u96fb\u6c60\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u80fd\u61c9\u7528\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7523\u54c1\u3002\u96fb\u6975\u4ee5\u805a\u5421\u54af\uff0c\u74ca\u8102\u8907\u5408\u7269\u4f5c\u57fa\u672c\u7269\u6599\uff0c\u914d\u4ee5\u5851\u6599\u7247\u4f5c\u978f\u56fa\u7d50\u69cb\u4e4b\u7528\uff0c<\/span>\u900f\u904e\u5168\u751f\u7269\u904e\u7a0b\u7523\u751f\u96fb\u80fd(\u96fb\u529b\u5bc6\u5ea6, 135 mW\/m^3 \u53ca\u77ed\u8def\u96fb\u6d41\u5bc6\u5ea6, 437 mA\/m^2)\u3002<\/span>\u8a72\u8a2d\u8a08\u9664\u4e86\u8f15\u578b\u3001\u6210\u672c\u4f4e\u5916\uff0c\u96fb\u6c60\u66f4\u5229\u7528\u8d85\u904e90%\u53ef\u751f\u7269\u964d\u89e3\u7269\u6599\u88fd\u6210\uff0c\u5c0d\u74b0\u5883\u6709\u6b63\u9762\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u8a72\u5831\u544a\u662f\u7814\u767c\u53ef\u6372\u66f2\u5149\u5408\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u8584\u819c\u71c3\u6599\u96fb\u6c60\u7684\u9996\u4efd\u5831\u544a\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/td>		Objectives<\/span>

\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span>

\u6578\u64da\/ \u89c0\u5bdf<\/span>

\u7e3d\u7d50\/ \u61c9\u7528<\/span><\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
\u6458\u81ea\u7814\u7a76\u4f5c\u54c1\uff1a<\/strong>\u53ef\u6372\u66f2\u5149\u5408\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u8584\u819c\u71c3\u6599\u96fb\u6c60\u3000\u6f58\u99ff\u751f\u3001\u5d14\u96cd\u5efa\u3001\u9ec3\u8000\u5fb7\uff08\u4e2d\u83ef\u57fa\u91d1\u4e2d\u5b78\uff09<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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